Some terms that'll probably appear on this site and/or XDA. Again, searX the internet for more details, as the explanations are nutshelled.
Our dearest creator of Android. Alas, due to its activities, I'll call them in one of these 2 names: Goolag & Go-ogle.
Google + Gulag, in honor of Goolag Play Store, which is basically like Steam, except for Android. Imagine someone copying their friends' paid APK, and installing it on their PDA, only for it to not work there.
Google + ogle; in honor of Go-ogle's ubiquitous presence in the daily lives of basically everyone. Surely Amazon's the same; only that it hasn't fully extended themselves to some regions, like Indonesia.
Google/Goolag/Go-ogle Apps.
Bad Civilization / Good Civilization. Obliterate badciv, defend goodciv.
If anyone hasn't realized that it's a Fate reference, well, it is.
A metasearch engine. Here's the official link. Also, here's Disroot's instance of searX.
The ability to fake the presence of a service. Required for microG.
A FLOSS replacement of Google Play Services. Requires signature spoofing, and can be run as either user-app or system-app. For more information, head to GitHub or the official site. Also, may not be usable for location provider as user-app.
SafetyNet client for microG. Can run as user-app (at the possible cost of ctsProfile fail) or system-app; however, in either case, SafetyNet has to be manually enabled in microG settings. Currently unavailable / deprecated, as Google has updated SafetyNet; rendering DroidGuard unable to pass it.
An app that fakes the presence of Google Play Store. Requires signature spoofing if installed as user-app. Doesn't have license runtime verification, which may break some paid apps.
Some sort of "safety" check for Android. But really, it's more like a DRM check, where, if tripped, blocks access to apps that has these check. Pokemon Go, for example, uses this shit.